华北地区夏季大气亚微米颗粒物的半挥发性特征

利用热扩散管TD(Thermal Denuder)与高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-ToF-AMS)联用法,于2013年6—7月对华北地区国家环境空气质量评价区域点香河的大气PM₁(亚微米颗粒物)及其组分〔OM(有机质)、SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+、Cl-〕进行连续在线观测,并实现了PM₁不同化学组分半挥发性特征的模拟分析. 结果表明:在观测期间,ρ(PM₁)平均值为 (47.9±47.3) μg/m3,其中OM贡献最大,达到38.2%〔ρ(OM)占ρ(PM₁)的比例,下同〕,之后依次为SO₄2-(33.7%)、NH₄+(13.8%)、NO₃-(12.3%)、Cl-(2.0%). 在PM₁的各化学组分中,NO₃-和Cl-的MFR(质量剩余分数)值最低(约0.40),表明二者的半挥发性最高,当温度为50 ℃时,约60%的NO₃-或Cl-进入气相中;SO₄2-的半挥发性最低,在50 ℃时仍有约90%的质量剩余;而OM和NH₄+的半挥发性居中. NO₃-的半挥发性受大气PM₁污染水平的影响,50 ℃时其半挥发性随着ρ(PM₁)的增加而升高. 当温度从50 ℃升至200 ℃时,残留有机气溶胶的O/C(原子数比)从0.47增至0.60,说明半挥发性组分多为氧化态较低的有机化合物. 此外,真空动力学粒径在60~2 000 nm的颗粒物在不同粒径段表现出相近的半挥发性. 大气PM₁半挥发性的定量分析结果可为全面认识大气颗粒物的物化性质及污染机理提供数据,也有助于空气质量模型的完善.      

Effects of ambient temperature on regulated gaseous and particulate emissions from gasoline-, E10- and M15-fueled vehicles

• Emissions from two sedans were tested with gasoline, E10 and M15 at 30°C and -7°C. • As the temperature decreased, the PM, PN and BC emissions increased with all fuels. • Particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more sensitive to the temperature. • The PN and BC generated during cold start-up dominated those over the WLTC. Ambient temperature has substantial impacts on vehicle emissions, but the impacts may differ between traditional and alcohol gasolines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on gaseous and particulate emissions with both traditional and alcohol gasoline. Regulated gaseous, particle mass (PM), particle number (PN) and black carbon (BC) emissions from typical passenger vehicles were separately quantified with gasoline, E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume) and M15 (15% methanol and 85% gasoline by volume) at both 30°C and -7°C. The particulate emissions with all fuels increased significantly with decreased temperature. The PM emissions with E10 were only 48.0%–50.7% of those with gasoline at 30°C but increased to 59.2%-79.4% at -7°C. The PM emissions with M15 were comparable to those with gasoline at 30°C, but at -7°C, the average PM emissions were higher than those with gasoline. The variation trend of PN emissions was similar to that of PM emissions with changes in the fuel and temperature. At 30°C, the BC emissions were lower with E10 and M15 than with gasoline in most cases, but E10 and M15 might emit more BC than gasoline at -7°C, especially M15. The results of the transient PN and BC emission rates show that particulate emissions were dominated mainly by those emitted during the cold-start moment. Overall, the particulate emissions with E10 and M15 were more easily affected by ambient temperature, and the advantages of E10 and M15 in controlling particulate emissions declined as the ambient temperature decreased.     

苏州城区能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象要素的相关分析

利用苏州市2009年9月─2010年5月的颗粒物(包括黑碳,PM_2.5和PM₁₀)质量浓度、能见度、相对湿度、风速、风向、气温等观测资料,分析了苏州城区能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r(相关系数)分别为-0.465,-0.359和-0.238,这3种颗粒物中,能见度与ρ(黑碳)的相关性最显著.当相对湿度≤60%时,ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r分别为-0.675,-0.411和-0.364.相对湿度较低时,颗粒物与能见度相关性较好.能见度与温度、风速的r分别为0.132和0.188,与相对湿度的r为-0.632.用颗粒物质量浓度和气象要素建立的能见度多元线性回归模型效果不好,在该模型基础上用ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM₁₀₎和相对湿度建立了能见度的多元二次回归模型,R(复相关系数)达到0.865,R2(复决定系数)达到0.749.      

广州某黑臭河涌沉积物中的挥发物质组分

在广州市城区内的猎德涌采集了3个采样点中0~10cm深的表层沉积物,通过DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取(SPME)纤维顶空富集,使用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对其挥发物进行检测分析。在猎德涌的沉积物中共检测出54种挥发物质,包括36种烷烃、2种环烷烃、1种烯烃、2种硫单体、13种带有发香基团的有机物。在3个采样点分别鉴定出19、49、52种挥发物。在下游河段沉积物中检测出的挥发物种类和峰面积都超过上游。由挥发物质的组成可以判断出其主要污染是来源于交通污染和居民的日常生活污染,其中有3种毒性较大的成分:万山麝香、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和2,4-二叔丁基苯酚。     

紫外吸收光谱法监测硫化氢浓度的实验研究

紫外吸收光谱法是利用不同气体在紫外波段对光具有选择吸收的特性来测量排放烟气中的气体成分和浓度。基于这种方法设计出一套能够实时、在线监测硫化氢的实验装置。在常温常压状态下,通过对测量的一次光谱进行分析,计算出硫化氢的标准吸收截面,选择合适的数据处理方法,减小浓度计算时的误差,可得出硫化氢的实时浓度值。     

膜基吸收恶臭气体H_2S的实验研究

选甲基二乙醇胺溶液为吸收剂,聚丙烯中空纤维膜作接触器,通过单因素实验研究膜基吸收恶臭气体H2S的影响因素。结果表明,吸收剂浓度对脱硫率影响明显,适当的吸收剂浓度是保证脱硫率的关键因素;进气速率增大可以提高传质系数、增强传质,但脱硫率降低;提高进气压力可以提高脱硫率,但不如吸收剂浓度影响大;吸收剂循环使用对脱硫率影响较大,应在满足出气要求的前提下,合理控制循环次数和循环比例。对含H2S347mg/m3的进气,实验得到的适宜的脱硫条件为:进气流速0.35m3/h、压力0.1MPa,吸收剂流量0.40m3/h、浓度3mol/L。在该条件下,单级膜组件脱硫率稳定在96%以上。     

Mathematical analysis of change in forest carbon use efficiency with stand development: A case study on Abies veitchii Lindl.

Changes in carbon use efficiency (CUE), which is defined as the ratio of net primary production (NPP) to gross primary production (GPP), were analyzed for Abies veitchii Lindl. forests with respect to stand development by developing a simple mathematical model incorporating data on physiological variables and leaf mass ratio. A decrease in CUE with stand development was successfully expressed as a function of stand biomass (y) based on the following three assumptions: (1) a power-law relationship between mean respiration and mean individual tree mass, (2) a power-functional relationship between mean gross primary production and mean individual tree mass, and (3) self-thinning relationship between stand biomass and density. Based on this model, a parameter of CUE–y relationship was defined, and it was clarified that CUE decrease with stand development is caused not by the ratio of specific respiration rate to specific gross photosynthetic rate, but by leaf mass ratio. Since CUE is high in young forests, helpful information on selecting woody species when planting seedlings was provided from the viewpoints of reducing CO₂ in the atmosphere and global warming.     

Use of Basic Biological Information for Rapid Prediction of the Response of Species to Habitat Loss

Abstract:  Much research has focused on identifying traits that can act as useful indicators of how habitat loss affects the extinction risk of species, and the results are mixed. We developed 2 simple, rapid-assessment models of the susceptibility of species to habitat loss. We based both on an index of range size, but one also incorporated an index of body mass and the other an index combining habitat and dietary specialization. We applied the models to samples of birds (Accipitridae and Bucerotidae) and to the lemurs of Madagascar and compared the models' classifications of risk with the IUCN's global threat status of each species. The model derived from ecological attributes was much more robust than the one derived from body mass. Ecological attributes identified threatened birds and lemurs with an average of 80% accuracy and endangered and critically endangered species with 100% accuracy and identified some species not currently listed as threatened that almost certainly warrant conservation consideration. Appropriate analysis of even fairly crude biological information can help raise early-warning flags to the relative susceptibilities of species to habitat loss and thus provide a useful and rapid technique for highlighting potential species-level conservation issues. Advantages of this approach to classifying risk include flexibility in the specialization parameters used as well as its applicability at a range of spatial scales.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using ZnO/TiO composites

ZnO/TiO₂ composites were synthesized by using the solvothermal method and ultrasonic precipitation followed by heat treatment in order to investigate their photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The composition and surface structure of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation efficiencies of MO at various pH values were obtained. The highest degradation efficiencies were obtained before 30min and after 60min at pH 11.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. A sample analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Six intermediates were found during the photocatalytic degradation process of quinonoid MO. The degradation pathway of quinonoid MO was also proposed.     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱

建立了蜂蜜中5种吡咯里西啶类生物碱的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法.蜂蜜样品用50%甲醇超声提取,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化富集,超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱MRM模式检测,外标法定量.以Waters BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,以含0.1%甲酸的乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱.倒千里光碱、千里光宁、千里光菲啉和野百合碱在0.2—100.0μg·kg-1,克氏千里光宁在1.0—200.0μg·kg-1的浓度范围内各化合物线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999,定量限在0.2—0.8μg·kg-1之间.在3个加标水平下,空白基质蜂蜜中的5种生物碱的平均回收率为82.0%—110.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于12.5%.方法准确可靠,适合于蜂蜜中吡咯里西啶类生物碱的测定.